EYRAplex: Human Chemokine (6‑plex)

Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), also called monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and JE, belongs to the CC chemokine family. CCL2 is secreted by a wide array of cells including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, astrocytes, and osteoblasts. In addition to its chemotactic properties, CCL2 is involved in processes of degranulation, upregulation of receptors, cell survival, and secretion of cytokines. Its presence in multiple tissues has been linked to various diseases such as Alzheimer's, diabetes, tuberculosis, osteoporosis, and cancer where CCL2 plays a role in tumor microenvironment.

CCL3, also known as MIP-1α (Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 alpha), is a chemokine primarily secreted by macrophages, dendritic cells, and activated T cells. Its main role in the immune system is to recruit and activate immune cells, particularly monocytes, lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells, to sites of infection or inflammation. CCL3 also enhances immune responses by promoting cytokine production and facilitating cell-to-cell communication, playing a crucial role in both innate and adaptive immunity.

The CCL4 chemokine plays a role in inflammation and chemotaxis. CCL4 is produced by a variety of cells, including monocytes, NK cells, and T cells. It binds to CCR5. This receptor is expressed by T cells and macrophages (among others). CCL4 is involved in the host response to a wide range of pathogens, it's been especially studied in HIV. Furthermore, dysregulation of CCL4 expression has been associated with various pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. CCL4 is also named macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β). 

Chemokine ligand 22 (CCL22), also known as macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), belongs to the CC chemokine family. CCL22 is mainly secreted by macrophages and dendritic cells and has chemoattractant activity for T cells, dendritic cells, and NK cells. CCL22 is upregulated in certain cancers, infectious diseases, and autoimmune diseases.

Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by different types of cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS, strongly induce IL-8 production by monocytes.

Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) secretion is induced by IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β. This proinflammatory cytokine is produced by monocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. The interferon gamma-induced protein 10 recruits lymphocytes to sites of infection and increases the expression of MHC class I molecules. In addition to chemotaxis, IP-10 is also involved in the differentiation and activation of peripheral immune cells, regulation of cell growth, apoptosis, and modulation of angiostatic effects. The binding of IP-10 (CXCL10) to the CXCR3 receptor causes the downstream activation of the phospholipase C-dependent pathway, an increase in intracellular calcium production, and actin reorganization.