Anti-human IL-4 mAb (IL4-II), biotin
Anti-human IL-4 mAb (IL4-II), biotin
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Analyte combinations in FluoroSpot
Find out which analyte combinations we have evaluated in T cell FluoroSpot and which combinations are affected by capture effects or not.
What is a capture effect?
When capture antibodies with different specificities are coated together, the capture of one cytokine may affect the secretion of other cytokines. This is usually more pronounced when studying T cell responses with polyclonal stimuli compared to antigen-specific responses. Capture effects are seldom a problem and can often be counteracted by the addition of an anti-CD28 antibody.
(1) IL-2 secreted by the activated T cell is captured by coated anti-IL-2 capture antibodies. (2) As a result, IL-2-stimulation of the T cell itself (autocrine stimulation) as well as nearby T cells (paracrine stimulation) is impaired, ultimately leading to (3) decreased IFN-γ secretion.
Co-stimulation with anti-CD28
Anti-CD28 mAb provides a co-stimulatory signal to antigen-specific responses by binding to CD28 on T cells. The addition of an anti-CD28 mAb to the cell culture enhances antigen-specific responses and can counteract capture effects. For example, the presence of IL-2 capture antibodies may result in reduced activation of T cells, as capturing of IL-2 decreases the amount of available IL-2 and thereby dampens the IL-2-mediated stimulation of T cells. The addition of anti-CD28 mAb restores IFN-γ responses (depicted in the below images). Further optimization may be necessary, depending on the cells and stimuli used. Too high concentrations of the anti-CD28 mAb may result in an elevation of non-specific cytokine secretion.
(1) An anti-CD28 antibody can be added to provide a co-stimulatory signal that can restore (2) e.g. IFN-γ responses.
How to investigate capture effects
Our FluoroSpot Plus kits are evaluated for capture effects, and in studies of T cell responses we recommend co-stimulation with anti-CD28. With FluoroSpot Flex, it is possible to combine and build your own kit. For guidance look at our analyte combination table (above). Capture effects can be investigated by quantifying spot numbers in wells coated with single capture antibodies and compared to wells coated with a mixture of the capture antibodies. The compensatory effect of the anti-CD28 mAb may be assessed by comparing cells cultured with and without the anti-CD28 mAb.
Non-human primate cross-reactivity guide
The systems reactive with NHPs are either based on cross-reactive human kits or specifically developed monkey kits (NHP).
Cross-reactivity verification tests have been performed in ELISpot and/or ELISA by Mabtech and/or by others. Evaluations of assays with less solid evidence of cross-reactivity are shown as symbols within parentheses.
| ApoA1 | |||||||||
| ApoB | |||||||||
| ApoE (NHP) | |||||||||
| ApoE | |||||||||
| ApoH | |||||||||
| CCL2 (MCP-1) | |||||||||
| CCL4 (MIP-1β) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ||||
| CCL22 (MDC) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ||||
| CD25 | |||||||||
| GM-CSF | ( ) | ( ) | |||||||
| Granzyme A | |||||||||
| Granzyme B (NHP) | |||||||||
| Granzyme B | |||||||||
| IFN-α2 | |||||||||
| IFN-α pan | ( ) | ||||||||
| IFN-γ (NHP) | |||||||||
| IFN-γ | ( ) | ||||||||
| IgA (NHP) | |||||||||
| IgA | |||||||||
| IgG | |||||||||
| IgM | |||||||||
| INS | |||||||||
| IL-1α | |||||||||
| IL-1β | |||||||||
| IL-2 (NHP) | |||||||||
| IL-3 | |||||||||
| IL-4 | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | |||||
| IL-5 | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ||||||
| IL-6 | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ||||||
| IL-8 (NHP) | |||||||||
| IL-8 (ELISA) | |||||||||
| IL-8 (ELISpot) | |||||||||
| IL-10 (NHP) | |||||||||
| IL-10 | |||||||||
| IL-12/-23 (p40) | |||||||||
| IL-12 (p70) | |||||||||
| IL-13 (NHP) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ||||||
| IL-13 | |||||||||
| IL-17A (NHP) | ( ) | ( ) | |||||||
| IL-17A | |||||||||
| IL-17F | |||||||||
| IL-17A/F | |||||||||
| IL-21 | |||||||||
| IL-22 | |||||||||
| IL-23 | |||||||||
| IL-27 | |||||||||
| IL-31 | |||||||||
| IP-10 | |||||||||
| Perforin | ( ) | ||||||||
| TGF-β1 (latent) | |||||||||
| TNF-α (NHP) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ||||
| TNF-α | |||||||||
| CD3, mAb CD3-1 | |||||||||
| CD3, mAb CD3-2 | |||||||||
| CD28, mAb CD28-A | |||||||||
| IFN-γ mAb 1-D1K | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | |||
| IL-2 mAb MT8G10 | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ||
| IL-4 mAb IL4-3 | ( ) | ||||||||
| IL-17A mAb MT504 | |||||||||
| Perforin mAb Pf-344 | |||||||||
| TNF-α mAb MT15B15 | |||||||||
| IgG1 mAb MTG1218 | |||||||||
| IgG1 mAb MT1939 | |||||||||
| IgG2 mAb H6200 | |||||||||
| IgG2 mAb MTG211E | |||||||||
| IgG3 mAb MTG34 | |||||||||
| IgG4 mAb MTG42 | |||||||||
| IFN-γ mAb MT111W | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) |
| TNF-α mAb MT15B15 | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) | ( ) |
Symbol keys:
Verified by Mabtech and/or by others. Tests performed in ELISpot and/or ELISA.
- good
- poor
- no
Based on reports from others or by analysis using recombinant proteins.
- ( ) good
- ( ) poor
- ( ) no
Specifically developed monkey kits are marked with (NHP).
Blank boxesRepresent cross-reactivities not evaluated.
* Comprises several species. Cross-reactivity may have to be verified on a species basis.
Publications (152)
Analyte information
IL-4
| Analyte description | Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is produced primarily by Th2 cells, mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils. IL-4 was first identified to costimulate B cell growth; the cytokine is essential for B cell secretion of IgE and augments the production of IgG1 in vivo. In addition to regulating B cell growth and immunoglobulin secretion, IL-4 also affects T cells. In vitro, IL-4 promotes T cell growth and can induce cytolytic T cell activity. IL-4 also induces the differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into Th2 cells, which are characterized by their capacity to secrete the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 upon activation, while simultaneously inhibiting the generation of Th1 cells. |
| Alternative names | Interleukin 4, IL-4, IL4, BCGF-1, BSF-1, BCGF1, BSF1 |
| Cell type | T cell, Th2, Treg |
| Gene ID | 3565 |
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