Anti-porcine TNF-α mAb (MT859), biotin
Anti-porcine TNF-α mAb (MT859), biotin
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Analyte combinations in FluoroSpot
Find out which analyte combinations we have evaluated in T cell FluoroSpot and which combinations are affected by capture effects or not.
What is a capture effect?
When capture antibodies with different specificities are coated together, the capture of one cytokine may affect the secretion of other cytokines. This is usually more pronounced when studying T cell responses with polyclonal stimuli compared to antigen-specific responses. Capture effects are seldom a problem and can often be counteracted by the addition of an anti-CD28 antibody.
(1) IL-2 secreted by the activated T cell is captured by coated anti-IL-2 capture antibodies. (2) As a result, IL-2-stimulation of the T cell itself (autocrine stimulation) as well as nearby T cells (paracrine stimulation) is impaired, ultimately leading to (3) decreased IFN-γ secretion.
Co-stimulation with anti-CD28
Anti-CD28 mAb provides a co-stimulatory signal to antigen-specific responses by binding to CD28 on T cells. The addition of an anti-CD28 mAb to the cell culture enhances antigen-specific responses and can counteract capture effects. For example, the presence of IL-2 capture antibodies may result in reduced activation of T cells, as capturing of IL-2 decreases the amount of available IL-2 and thereby dampens the IL-2-mediated stimulation of T cells. The addition of anti-CD28 mAb restores IFN-γ responses (depicted in the below images). Further optimization may be necessary, depending on the cells and stimuli used. Too high concentrations of the anti-CD28 mAb may result in an elevation of non-specific cytokine secretion.
(1) An anti-CD28 antibody can be added to provide a co-stimulatory signal that can restore (2) e.g. IFN-γ responses.
How to investigate capture effects
Our FluoroSpot Plus kits are evaluated for capture effects, and in studies of T cell responses we recommend co-stimulation with anti-CD28. With FluoroSpot Flex, it is possible to combine and build your own kit. For guidance look at our analyte combination table (above). Capture effects can be investigated by quantifying spot numbers in wells coated with single capture antibodies and compared to wells coated with a mixture of the capture antibodies. The compensatory effect of the anti-CD28 mAb may be assessed by comparing cells cultured with and without the anti-CD28 mAb.
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Analyte information
TNF-α
| Analyte description | Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), also known as TNF-α, is produced by many different cell types, e.g., monocytes, macrophages, T cells, and B cells. Among the many effects of TNF-α are protection against bacterial infection, cell growth modulation, immune system regulation, and involvement in septic shock. |
| Alternative names | Tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α, TNF-alpha, TNF-a, TNFa, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF |
| Cell type | T cell, Tc, Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, Monocyte/MΦ |
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